Methods of sampling specimens for microanalysis

ABSTRACT

Methods of sampling specimens for microanalysis, particularly microanalysis by atom probe microscopy, include steps of forming a study specimen in a first study object (as by use of focused ion beam milling); removing the study specimen from the study object; situating the study specimen on a second study object; and microanalyzing the study specimen. Where the first study object is of particular interest for study, the study specimen may be taken from a functional portion of the first study object so that microanalysis will provide information regarding this functional portion. Where the second study object is of particular interest for study, the second study object may be subjected to manufacturing processes (e.g., deposition of layers of materials) after the study specimen is situated thereon so that the study specimen will provide information regarding the results of the manufacturing process. The study specimen may have study regions formed thereon which are particularly suitable for study by atom probes, e.g., regions bearing raised protrusions, at virtually any point during the process, thereby greatly enhancing the speed and efficiency of specimen preparation.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority under 35 USC §119(e) to U.S.Provisional Patent Application 60/205,456 filed May 19, 2000, theentirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This disclosure concerns an invention relating generally tomethods for obtaining and preparing specimens for microscopic analysis,and more specifically to methods of obtaining and preparing specimensfor micron-scale and sub-micron-scale analysis, particularly specimensof multilayered materials, and materials upon which thin films have beendeposited, implanted or otherwise incorporated (e.g., semiconductorwafers, photonic devices).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] In the manufacture of many modern devices containingmicroscopically thin layers of different materials, and/or zones ofdifferent materials segregated on a microscopic scale, it is importantto be able to study the different layers and/or zones with analyticalequipment after the deposition. As examples, it is often useful to beable to microscopically analyze the structures of semiconductormicroelectronic devices; magnetic thin film memory storage devices (suchas read/write hard disk heads and platters); thin film based opticaldevices; multilayered polymeric, organic and/or biochemical based thinfilm devices (as used in medicine); composites of inorganic materials,organic materials and/or biological materials (such as bioMEMs,biosensors, bioarray chips, and integrated labs on chips); and otherdevices wherein nanoscale structures are critical to device function.Common equipment used for such analysis (hereinafter referred to as“microanalysis”) includes electron microscopes (including TEMs,Transmission Electron Microscopes, and SEMs, Scanning ElectronMicroscopes); spectrometers (including Raman spectrometers and Augerspectrometers); photoelectron spectrometry (XPS); Secondary Ion MassSpectrometry (SIMS); and more recently, the atom probe microscope, asdescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,061,850 and 5,440,124. Of course, othermicroanalysis equipment is available, and new equipment having differentprinciples of operation is expected to become available over time.

[0004] Generally, microanalysis of an entire device is not feasibleowing to practical constraints, and thus specimens of portions of thedevice are studied. Ideally, the specimen of the device under study isformed from the actual material that is intended to perform a functionin the device. Accordingly, destructive testing methods are knownwherein study specimens are “biopsied” from the objects being studied,and are then subjected to microanalysis. As an example, Focused Ion Beam(FIB) milling processes are often used to excise study specimens fromstudy objects. A good background discussion of FIB processes is setforth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,736 to Chung. U.S. Pat. No. 6,188,072 isthen of interest for its discussion of a method (allegedly described bythe FEI Company of Hillsboro, Oreg., USA) of cutting a study specimenfrom a study object by FIB milling, with the study specimen then beingremoved by a micromanipulator by use of electrostatic attraction. Thestudy specimen is then subjected to TEM microanalysis. The remainder ofthe patent is directed to a micromanipulator suitable for performingthis operation. U.S. Pat. No. 6,188,068 to Shaapur et al. appears todescribe a similar method, and the Background section of U.S. Pat. No.5,270,552 also appears to describe similar methods for preparing studyspecimens using FIB milling and mechanical cutting/polishing steps.

[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,720 to Li et al. describes a method wherein astudy object is milled by FIB and other processes to produce a thincross-sectional study specimen suitable for microanalysis by a TEM. Oneaspect of the method involves milling a pair of parallel trenches in thetop surface of the study object to define a plate-like first studyregion therebetween (FIGS. 2A-2C of Li et al.), and then filling in thetrenches with filler material (FIG. 2D). Portions of the study objectare then cut away along planes parallel to the first study region andintersecting the filled trenches (FIG. 3B), or being spaced a shortdistance away from the filled trenches (FIG. 3C). As a result, the studyobject is formed into a plate-like shape wherein the first study regiondefines an area of decreased thickness. The plate-like study object isthen milled into a wedge-like form (FIGS. 4A and 4B) wherein the thinnerside(s) of the study object define a second study region. The first andsecond study regions thereby define thin plate-like areas on the studyobject wherein the various deposited layers of the study object aredisplayed. A somewhat similar arrangement is described in U.S. Pat. No.5,656,811, which is more directly devoted to methods of controlling theFIB milling process.

[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,552 describes a process wherein a studyspecimen is partially severed from a study object using FIB milling(with the study specimen remaining attached to the study object by athin bridge of material), a probe is then connected to thepartially-disconnected study specimen (as by “soldering” it thereon withFIB deposition), and then the study specimen is fully removed by cuttingaway the bridge with FIB milling so that the probe may carry the studyspecimen to a desired location for study. By using an electricallyconductive probe, the voltage between the probe, study specimen, andbridge can provide a measure of whether the study specimen is intact.The probe may also serve as a support structure for further preparationof the study specimen, or for use during the study specimen'smicroanalysis. Use of the process to obtain multiple study specimensfrom points spaced about a semiconductor wafer is illustrated. Thepatent additionally discusses the use of the underlying process steps toseparate elements from one chip, transport them to another chip by useof the probe, and then sever the probe and “solder” the elements to thesecond chip by use of FIB deposition.

[0007] Other patents note that study specimens can be formed from astudy object by use of material removal processes other than FIBprocesses (and any accompanying polishing or other mechanical materialremoval processes). U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,652 to Shlepr et al. describesthe formation of study specimens from a study object for TEMmicroanalysis using photolithography and chemical etching processes.Trenches are etched in the study object to form a circular plug-likestudy specimen, which then has its base cut free from the study objectby further chemical etching techniques. The study specimen can then bemicroanalyzed using TEM techniques.

[0008] In many instances, destructive testing (as in the foregoingmethods) is undesirable because it will effectively render the studyobject inoperable. Thus, in some cases “proxy” or “qualifier” studyobjects are used: objects which are not the true study objects ofinterest, but which are subjected to the same processes so that they(hopefully) serve as a reasonable representation of the productgenerated by these processes. As an example, in the field ofsemiconductors, many thin film deposition systems are designed todeposit layers over an area greater than the size of a typicalsemiconductor wafer. Qualifier wafers are often processed alongsideactual wafers so that they receive the same deposited layers as theproduction wafer. The qualifier wafer is then destructively tested inplace of the actual wafer. However, testing of a qualifier wafer assumesthat the qualifier wafer receives the same treatment as the actual waferwithin the deposition system, an assumption which is not always validbecause the deposited coatings may vary in time or location within thedeposition system.

[0009] One significant problem encountered with all known methods is thetime and expense of subsequent testing. Often, individual studyspecimens, once obtained in accordance with the foregoing methods, mustthen be individually prepared for subsequent microanalysis. This caninclude steps such as polishing, mounting, application of protective orother layers, situating the study specimen in a vacuum environment, andso on. Because of the disadvantages of destructive test methods, andbecause of the time and expense involved in the microanalysis ofindividual study specimens, there is a need for new methods ofmicroanalysis which are nondestructive (or at least minimallydestructive), and which are better suited for rapid processing ofmultiple study specimens.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] The invention involves methods which are intended to at leastpartially solve the aforementioned problems. To give the reader a basicunderstanding of some of the advantageous features of the invention,following is a brief summary of preferred versions of the methods. Asthis is merely a summary, it should be understood that more detailsregarding the preferred versions may be found in the DetailedDescription set forth elsewhere in this document. The claims set forthat the end of this document then define the various versions of theinvention in which exclusive rights are secured.

[0011] The invention includes methods of obtaining and preparingspecimens, particularly specimens of thin film materials and othermaterials having distinct zones of different materials arrayed on amicron or sub-micron scale (e.g., integrated circuit wafers), for studyby microanalysis equipment. The invention is particularly suitable forpreparing specimens for microanalysis with an atom probe, which is apreferred mode of microanalysis because it can produce three-dimensionalcompositional images with atomic-scale resolution. This capability ofatom probes is especially attractive for studying and characterizing thesmall-scale structures typically found in microelectronic devices thatare used, for example, in integrated electronic circuits and theread/write heads of data storage devices. Historically, atom probes haveutilized a needle-shaped study specimen (or a study specimen having aneedle-shaped study region formed thereon), since such a needle shape isbeneficial for creating the high electric fields required for atom probemicroanalysis. Where the study specimen or study region is wire-shaped,this shape readily lends itself to needle creation; otherwise, theregion to be studied must be cut into a suitable needle-like shape, asby FIB milling. Planar structures like wafer-processed materials, e.g.,microelectronic materials, are often difficult to cut into atom probespecimens because the structures of interest exist only in a very thinlayer on the surface of the specimen that is often less than about 10micrometers (microns) thick. However, with advances in atom probetechnology, and with the advent of scanning atom probes and localelectrode atom probes, it is possible to use atom probes to microanalyzespecimens that raised in relation to their surroundings by as little asa few micrometers, and which are closely spaced (e.g., by no more than afew micrometers away) in relation to adjacent protrusions. For example,local electron atom probes only require a small protrusion on thespecimen (a few microns high) for the local electrode to be able tolocally apply the necessary extraction field to the specimen in order toeffect ionization.

[0012] In a first preferred version of the invention, a study specimenis formed from a larger first study object such as an integrated circuitwafer, as by cutting the study specimen therefrom by the use of FIBmilling. The study specimen will generally be a portion of the firststudy object item which is of key interest for microanalysis, e.g., afunctional section of a semiconductor chip. The study specimen is thenremoved from the first study object, and is situated on a second studyobject such as a silicon-based wafer whereupon the study specimen ismicroanalyzed. Preferably, the study specimen (and perhaps several otherstudy specimens) are also inserted within recesses in the second studyobject, and/or are affixed to the second study object (as by FIBdeposition). The study specimen(s) can then be microanalyzed on thesecond study object, which can be constructed and configured to enhancethe speed and ease of microanalysis; for example, the second studyobject may be formed of a material which promotes electrostaticattraction of the study specimen to the second study object (either byitself or with the assistance of an applied charge), thereby assistingin the placement of the study specimen on the second study object.

[0013] In a second preferred version of the invention, a study specimenis formed from a larger first study object such as a silicon-basedwafer, as by cutting the study specimen therefrom by use of FIB milling.The study specimen is removed from the first study object and issituated on a second study object, with the second study object in thiscase generally being the item of primary interest for microanalysisrather than the first study object. The study specimen (and perhapsmultiple other study specimens) can additionally be inserted withinrecesses formed in the second study object, and/or can be affixed to thesecond study object (as by FIB deposition). Where the study specimen isrecessed within the second study object, it is often also useful torender the study specimen at least substantially coplanar with thesecond study specimen, as by the use of polishing processes. The secondstudy object (with the study specimen thereon) is then subjected to anydesired manufacturing processes, e.g., layer deposition processes, sothat the study specimen and second study object both reflect the resultsof such processes. The study specimen may then be microanalyzed fordesired information regarding the effects of the manufacturing process,preferably after removal from the second study object. Here, the secondstudy object (and more specifically the effect of the manufacturingprocess on the second study object) is of primary interest formicroanalysis, but the study specimen is analyzed in place of the secondstudy object so that the second study object may be left intact, withoutthe need to excise a portion of the second study object (as is done tothe first study object in the first version of the invention). Duringthe foregoing process, the study specimen is preferably placed on anonfunctional portion of the second study object so that the studyspecimen does not interfere with the effects of the manufacturingprocess on the second study object; for example, where the second studyobject is a semiconductor chip bearing an integrated circuit, the studyspecimen is preferably placed on a portion of the chip which does notbear the circuit so that the circuit emerges from the manufacturingprocess in an operable state.

[0014] Where an atom probe is used for microanalysis of the studyspecimens, it will generally be useful to form study regions on thestudy specimens wherein protrusions are defined for generation of thedesired extraction voltage. The study regions (and the protrusionstherein) may be formed in the study specimens at the outset of theforegoing methods (e.g., when the study specimens are first formed), ornear the end of the foregoing methods (e.g., immediately prior tomicroanalysis). Formation of the study regions during construction ofthe study specimens themselves is particularly preferred for sake ofspeed and efficiency, and methods are described later in this documentfor allowing such early formation of the study regions without leadingto significant degradation in the quality of data obtained during latermicroanalysis.

[0015] The invention is particularly well adapted to allow sampling ofobjects for microanalysis while the objects are being manufactured, withminimal or no damage to the object being sampled, and with exceptionallyrapid preparation of specimens for microanalysis. Further advantages,features, and objects of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description of the invention in conjunction with theassociated drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016]FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of a study specimen 102 formed ina first study object 104 prior to its removal therefrom (with amicromanipulator 110 suitable for such removal being shown in phantom).

[0017]FIG. 2 is a top perspective view of a second study object 202which serves as a specimen holder wherein a study specimen similar tothat of FIG. 1 is placed during microanalysis, with an enlarged view ofthe second study object 202 being shown wherein numerous study specimens208 are inserted.

[0018]FIG. 3 is a top plan view of several study specimens 302 formedfrom a first study object 304 (or a portion thereof), with the studyspecimens being suitable for removal and later microanalysis.

[0019]FIG. 4 is a top perspective view of a second study object 404which is to be subjected to layer deposition or other manufacturingprocesses, and which has study specimens 402 similar to those of FIG. 3placed thereon prior to such processes so that the study specimens 402can later be removed to study the effects of such processes.

[0020]FIG. 5 is a top perspective view of a study specimen 502 similarto those of FIGS. 3 and 4, wherein four study regions 504 suitable formicroanalysis in an atom probe have been defined.

[0021]FIG. 6 is a top perspective view of a second study object 602similar to that of FIG. 4, but wherein study specimens 606 are placedboth on and within the second study object 602.

[0022]FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate a side elevational view of a manipulator714 useful for placing study specimens 702 within a second study object706 (as illustrated in FIG. 6) and removing them therefrom.

[0023]FIG. 9 illustrates, in views (a)-(e), exemplary steps forprocessing a study specimen 902 having a predefined study region 906having protrusions 908 suitable for microanalysis by an atom probe.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0024] In a first version of the invention, a study specimen is formedfrom a larger study object, such as a semiconductor wafer of interest,using methodologies similar to those previously described for TEMspecimen preparation. The study specimen is then situated on a secondstudy object which effectively serves as a specimen holder. The studyspecimen is microanalyzed while resting on the specimen holder,preferably by an atom probe after the study specimen has had studyregions formed thereon (e.g., raised study regions) which arewell-suited for atom probe microanalysis. A more detailed descriptionfollows.

[0025] Initially, a study specimen is formed in a larger study object ofinterest, such as a semiconductor wafer. Once the area of interest onthe study object is identified as the area from which the study specimenis to be obtained, a study specimen can be formed in the study object atthis area using known cutting techniques such as FIB milling, etching,and so forth. An example is illustrated in FIG. 1, wherein a studyspecimen 102 is formed in a surface 104 of a study object by using FIBmilling to form two adjacent parallel trenches 106 in the study objectsurface 104; joining the trenches 106 at their ends so that the studyspecimen 102 is defined by a freestanding cantilevered wall; and thenmilling away a portion of the base of the wall so that the studyspecimen 102 is connected to the study object 104 by a small tether 108.

[0026] The study specimen 102 may then be broken from the study object104 at its tether 108, and the study specimen 102 may be removed fromthe study object 104 by use of a micromanipulator (such as the onesdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,188,072 and elsewhere). A pincers-likemicromanipulator having opposable jaws 110 is illustrated in FIG. 1, andby grasping the study specimen between the jaws 110 while tilting thestudy specimen 102 into another plane, the tether 108 may be broken sothat the study specimen 102 can be easily removed.

[0027] The study specimen 102 is then placed on a second study objectwhich serves as a specimen holder during later microanalysis. Mostpreferably, the second study object includes a number of recesseswhereby the study specimen 102 may be placed in a desired recess, andadditional study specimens may be placed in other recesses, so that thesecond study object may be situated in an atom probe apparatus or othermicroanalyzer so that some or all of the various study specimens 102 maybe sequentially or simultaneously microanalyzed. FIG. 2 illustrates anexemplary second study object 202 having a central storage area 204wherein several recesses 206 are formed, with each site being marked, orthe sites being logically arrayed, so that study specimens 208 placedwithin the recesses 206 may be more easily correlated with theirrecesses 206 (thereby allowing for easier later identification of theplaced study specimens 208). The recesses 206, as well as any associatedmarkings, may be formed in the second study object 202 by variousprocesses such as FIB milling, deep etching, and/or electroforming. Therecesses 206 preferably extend through only a part of the thickness ofthe second study object 202 rather than through its entire thickness. Itshould be understood that any storage area 204 wherein study specimens208 are stored need not be situated in a central location on the secondstudy object 202, nor need it have boundaries which are complementary tothe boundaries of the second study object 202, as shown in FIG. 2;rather, the recesses 206 may be arrayed to define storage areas 204 ofany size or shape, or multiple storage areas 204 which each contain adiscrete set of recesses 206 can be defined and arranged as desired on asecond study object 202. Where the second study object 202 is a standard6-inch diameter silicon wafer, approximately 1600 recesses 206 can beformed in the second study object 202 wherein study specimens 208 havingdimensions of approximately 20 micrometers long and 2 micrometers widemay be stored. FIG. 2 illustrates study specimens 208 having thesedimensions which have been processed to each bear three study regions210 suitable for microanalysis by an atom probe, as by milling awayadjacent areas of the study specimens 208 so that the study regions 210remain as rod-like raised protrusions. Such milling could occur afterthe study specimens 208 are received within their respective recesses206, or it could instead be performed beforehand, e.g., during theinitial formation of each study specimen 208 from its first studyobject.

[0028] The second study object 202 is preferably made of a materialwhich promotes electrostatic attraction between a study specimen 208 andthe second study object 202, and/or which may be charged to selectivelyattract or repel the study specimen 208 as desired. As an example, wherea study specimen 208 is extracted from a semiconductor wafer, the secondstudy object 202 may be constructed from a silicon wafer or from copper.Thus, if desired, a voltage may be applied to the second study object202 so that the study specimen 208 is electrostatically attracted to thesurface of the second study object 202 and to a recess 206 therein. Ifthe recesses 206 extend through the entire thickness of the second studyobject 202 so as to effectively define passages therein, it is alsopossible to situate material beneath the second study object 202 whichis well-suited for generation and/or storage of an electrostatic charge,whereas the second study object 202 might not itself be well-suited forsuch generation and/or storage. In this case, the electrostaticattraction to the study specimen 208 can be effectively isolated to therecesses 206.

[0029] After the study specimens 208 are placed in or on the secondstudy object 202, the second study object 202 can be readied for use inan atom probe by affixing the study specimens 208 to the second studyobject 202, as by using FIB deposition of a metal, or by applying anadhesive or solder, at the boundaries where the study specimens 208 abutthe second study object 202 (or by affixing the study specimens 208 tothe second study object 202 at areas which are preferably located awayfrom the study regions 210, e.g., by affixing the regions situatedbetween the study regions 210 to the second study object 202 at theareas labeled 212). Where microanalysis is to be performed by other thanan atom probe, other types of final preparation prior to microanalysiscan be performed (e.g., deposition of protective layers, polishing,etc.). The second study object 202, and any study specimens 208 providedthereon or therein, may then be placed in an atom probe or othermicroanalyzer so that selected study specimens 208 may be microanalyzed.

[0030] In this first preferred version of the invention, study specimensare taken from a first study object of interest (wherein the first studyobject has usually already been subjected to processing, e.g., to layerdeposition methods), and the study specimens are placed on a secondstudy object for microanalysis (with the second study object perhapsbeing chosen to have desired material properties which enhance the speedand ease of microanalysis, but wherein the second study object isusually not of direct interest for study). A second preferred version ofthe invention follows similar steps, but in a sense can be said torepresent a situation where the first and second study objects exchangeroles. In this second version, the study specimens are taken from afirst study object which may be chosen to have desired materialproperties (but wherein the first study object is usually not of directinterest for study itself), and the study specimens are placed on asecond study object which is subjected to layer deposition or othermanufacturing processes. The study specimen (and more particularly itsdeposited layers) is then microanalyzed, preferably by an atom probeafter the study specimen has had regions formed thereon (e.g., raisedstudy regions) which are well-suited for atom probe microanalysis. Thestudy specimens may then be microanalyzed on the second study object, ormore preferably after removal from the second study object. In effect,the study specimens serve as proxy or qualifier specimens which areassociated with and subjected to the same processes as the second studyobject, and can therefore be studied in lieu of the second study objectto serve as its proxy and avoid destructive testing of the second studyobject (though the study specimens may themselves be destructivelytested). A more detailed description follows.

[0031] Initially, one or more study specimens are formed in a firststudy object. This can be done by milling or otherwise forming the studyspecimens from the first study object in the manner previously describedwith reference to FIG. 1, but it is also possible to form studyspecimens from the first study object in bulk. This scheme isillustrated in FIG. 3, wherein an exemplary set of study specimens 302is shown affixed within a specimen matrix 304 formed from a first studyobject, such as a thin silicon wafer or other material which is etchedor otherwise processed to generate the specimen matrix 304. Regardingsilicon study specimens 302, suitable wafer “blanks” for creation of thespecimen matrix 304 are available from Virginia Semiconductor,Fredericksburg, Va. (USA). The study specimens 302, which includeprotruding handles 306, are connected by thin tethers 308 to theframework 310 of the specimen matrix 304. Thus, when a handle 306 orother portion of a study specimen 302 is grasped by a micromanipulator(such as the one illustrated in phantom in FIG. 1), its study specimen302 may be tipped out of the plane of the matrix framework 310 to breakits tethers 308 and allow the study specimen 302 to be removed. Byrepeating a specimen matrix pattern such as the one shown in FIG. 3, anarbitrarily sized wafer can be made to include a very large number ofstudy specimens 302.

[0032] Referring then to FIG. 4, after a study specimen 302 is removedfrom the first study object (and from its specimen matrix 304, ifpresent), it may be situated by the micromanipulator on a second studyobject as depicted at 404. The second study object 404 is in thisversion of the invention the study object of key interest, and isillustrated as a silicon wafer which has not yet undergone some or allof its processing steps (e.g., all material layers have not yet beendeposited). FIG. 4 illustrates five study specimens 402 situated on thesecond study object 404, with the intent being that the study specimens402 will accompany the second study object through some or all of itssubsequent processing steps so that they receive the same treatment asthe second study object 404. Thus, when the study specimens 402 aresubsequently microanalyzed, they should reveal information regarding theprocessing of the second study object 404 without requiring that thesecond study object 404 be destructively tested. It should be understoodthat the study specimens 302 shown on the second study object 402 arenot shown to scale, and they would generally be much smaller withrespect to the second study object 402. Additionally, it should beunderstood that more or fewer than five study specimens 302 can beplaced on the second study object 402, though the five-point placementof FIG. 4 will often be sufficient because it allows testing ofparameters along two directions with three test points in eachdirection. Also, since it will generally be desirable to have the secondstudy object 404 emerge from processing as a complete and operablearticle of manufacture, it should be understood that the study specimens402 are preferably situated on the second study object 404 innonfunctional blank or “dead” locations on the second study object 404so that their presence does not interfere with processing of the secondstudy object 404 in critical functional locations.

[0033] It will often be useful to choose materials for the studyspecimens 402 such that they have generally the same adhesion and othercharacteristics as the second study object 404 when layers aredeposited, and/or the second study object 404 is subjected to othermanufacturing processes, so that the study specimens 402 will accuratelyrepresent the second study object 404 after processing. For example,when the second study object 404 is a semiconductor chip which isprimarily composed of silicon, a silicon study specimen 402 isrecommended for use to provide a proxy which will demonstratesubstantially the same level of layer adhesion as the second studyobject 404. It is also useful to choose materials for the studyspecimens 402 such that they demonstrate some degree of adhesion to thesecond study object 404 via electrostatic attraction, and/or so thatthey can be made to exhibit such adhesion when a charge is applied tothe second study object 404. Taking again the example of a second studyobject 404 which is primarily composed of silicon, a silicon studyspecimen 402 is recommended because it will directly and strongly adhereto the second study object 404, and such study specimens 402 can be canbe made to stick or release to the second study object 404 by appliedvoltage. The ability to promote adhesion and removal of the studyspecimens 402 by the second study object 404 and/or by micromanipulatorsfacilitates automation of the process. The affixment mechanism betweenthe study specimens 402 and the second study object 404 could be bymeans other than (or means additional to) electrostatic attraction, forexample, by magnetic forces, application of solders or polymericadhesives, or other forms of attachment. However, it is desirable thatany mode of affixment used be easily reversible in order to facilitatethe removal of the study specimens 402, and any adhesive (if one isused) should not significantly interfere with the treatment of the studyspecimens 402 during the manufacturing process (i.e., the studyspecimens 402 should accurately receive and reflect the effects of themanufacturing process).

[0034] After the second study object 404 has undergone some or allprocessing steps, one or more selected study specimens 402 can bemicroanalyzed by one of the aforementioned microanalysis tools (orothers), either while resting on the second study object 404 or afterbeing removed therefrom. Removal can occur by use of the aforementionedmicromanipulators, and where atom probe microanalysis is to occur, studyregions (e.g., raised “hills” or rods) may be formed on the removedstudy specimen(s) 402 prior to microanalysis. FIG. 5 illustrates a studyspecimen 502 wherein four study regions 504 suitable for atom probemicroanalysis have been formed by FIB milling or other etching methods.It should be understood that more or fewer study regions may be formedon a study specimen as desired, and as dictated by the size of the studyspecimen and the level of detail achievable by the etching method beingused.

[0035] In a third preferred version of the invention not explicitlyshown in the accompanying drawings, the placement of multiple studyspecimens 402 on the second study object 404 is simplified by taking aspecimen matrix bearing multiple study specimens 402, such as thespecimen matrix 304 of FIG. 3, and placing the entire specimen matrix onthe second study object. The framework of the matrix (i.e., the part ofthe matrix apart from the study specimens) may then be adhered to thesecond study object so that any one or more study specimens 402 areeasily removable from the framework and the second study object bybreaking them off at the tethers connecting them to the framework. Thesecond study object may then undergo processing, and any of the desiredstudy specimens 402 may be microanalyzed on the second study object orafter being removed therefrom.

[0036] A fourth preferred version of the invention (illustrated in FIG.6) follows most of the steps of the second version discussed above, buthere the second study object 602 is formed with (or has formed therein)recesses 604 which have shapes complementary to those of the studyspecimens 606. The recesses 604 are preferably formed by etching,milling, or other processes at nonfunctional blank or “dead” locationson the second study object 602 so that they do not interfere with thefunctionality of the second study object 602. The recesses 604preferably have a depth such that the study specimens 606, when insertedtherein, rest flush with (or very close to flush with) the surface(s) ofthe second study object 602 whereupon the recesses 604 are formed. Afterinsertion of study specimens 606 within the recesses 604 (and afteraffixing the study specimens 606 therein, if desired), surface polishingmay be used so that the exposed surface(s) of the study specimens 606are effectively coplanar with the exposed surface(s) of the second studyobject 602. Thus, when the study specimens 606 rest upon and within thesecond study object 602, they are more likely to obtain the sametreatment as the second study object 602 during layer depositionprocesses since they will rest in at least substantially the same plane.This version of the invention accounts for the possibility in the secondversion of the invention that the study specimens may receive differenttreatment because their surfaces that receive deposited layers may restin a different plane than the surfaces of the second study object thatreceive deposited layers. This version of the invention is thereforeuseful where the processing methods to which the second study object 602is subjected require uniform deposition of fluids, e.g., spin castingand certain photolithographic processes, and wherein study specimens 606which present a top surface which is not coplanar with the second studyobject 602 might not accurately represent the treatment of the secondstudy object 602 during processing. For other fabrication processes suchas epitaxial thin film deposition and ion implantation, study specimens606 which are several microns thick, and which are not coplanar with thesecond study object 602 (as in the second version of the invention),should reflect little or no appreciable difference in processingtreatment and should therefore present a generally accurate depiction ofthe second study object 602.

[0037] An arrangement which can be used to speed placement of the studyspecimens in the fourth version of the invention is illustrated in FIGS.7 and 8. Here, a study specimen 702 similar to the study specimens 606is shown inserted within a recess 704 formed in a second study object706. The first study object (not shown) from which the study specimen702 is formed has a magnetically susceptible layer 708 provided thereonso that the study specimen 702 may be more easily manipulated with theapplication of magnetic force. Such a layer 708, if not provided on thefirst study object, can be deposited on a surface of the first studyobject using standard deposition processes. Rather than placing thestudy specimen 702 within the recess 704 of the second study object 706with a friction fit, the study specimen 702 is affixed therein by abonding agent 710 which allows reversible bonding and removal byapplication of heat (e.g., an alloy such as indalloy or a low meltingtemperature polymeric adhesive). An automated robotic device 712 havinga manipulator 714 and a movable arm 716 is also shown wherein themanipulator 714 has an electromagnet therein, and also preferably someform of an emitter capable of activating the bonding agent 710. Toremove the study specimen 702 from the second study object 706 foranalysis, the manipulator 714 is moved above the study specimen 702within the second study object 706, and the magnetically susceptiblelayer 708 may be used to precisely position the location of themanipulator 714 via a force feedback mechanism from its electromagnet.To remove the study specimen 702, the manipulator 714 applies anappropriate activation energy to cause the study specimen 702 to beloosened from the recess 704, whereupon the electromagnet of themanipulator 714 then withdraws the study specimen 702 and holds it tothe manipulator 714 for transport. Depending upon how the study specimen702 is bonded within its recess 704, the manipulator 714 could applyheat (as by infrared illumination) to melt a solder or polymer, applyultraviolet light to degrade a polymer or other adhesive, or applyanother form of activation energy to the bonding agent 710. If the studyspecimen 702 is frictionally fit within the recess 704, applied magneticforce from the manipulator 714 may be sufficient in itself to remove thestudy specimen 702. Preferably, the face of the manipulator 714 whichmeets the study specimen 702 has a recess 718 formed therein in order tohelp prevent damage to the processed surface of the study specimen 702.The arm 716 is then retracted to pull the study specimen 702 away fromthe second study object 706, and can be used to transport the studyspecimen 702 for subsequent microanalysis.

[0038] As previously noted, where study specimens are to be analyzed byuse of an atom probe (the preferred form of microanalyzer for use withthe invention), it is useful to form raised study regions in the studyspecimens prior to microanalysis. While such study regions are oftenformed by FIB milling processes, they can also be fabricated by a numberof photolithographic and surface roughening methods known in the art.Such study regions may be formed prior to, during, or after the varioussteps described above; for example, the study regions may be formed inthe study specimens prior to their removal from the first study object,or may instead be formed immediately prior to microanalysis. It waspreviously noted that where certain types of layer deposition processesare used (such as spin casting), it is helpful to have the exposedsurfaces of the study specimen rest flush with the exposed surfaces ofthe second study object so that discontinuities in the exposed surfaceswill not alter the morphology of the deposited layers. In similarfashion, where these “sensitive” layer deposition processes are used, itmay be less useful to form study regions in the study specimens prior tolayer deposition since the discontinuous surfaces of the study regionsmight also affect the layer morphology. If a study specimen bearingpre-formed study regions is subjected to a layer deposition processwhich is sensitive to the discontinuous surfaces surrounding the studyregions, the study specimen will still be usable for microanalysis sincethe central axes of any protrusions in the study regions will beminimally affected by layer deposition irregularities. However, anyadjacent sloping or significantly depressed areas of the study regionsmay have such significantly different morphology that they will notaccurately represent the layers deposited on the second study object,and therefore preformed study regions, while allowing easier processingof study specimens, may result in a study specimen yielding less usefulinformation. A method is therefore illustrated in FIG. 9 wherein anypreformed study regions in a study specimen may effectively be hiddenduring deposition processes so that such study regions will not distortthe results of such processes during later microanalysis.

[0039] Referring to FIG. 9 at (a), a study specimen 902 (withmagnetically susceptible layer 904) is shown with a top study region 906including several preformed protrusions 908 suitable for analysis in anatom probe. It is desirable to subject the study region 906 to amanufacturing process, e.g., a layer deposition process, wherein theprotrusions 908 will accurately reflect the results of the layerdeposition process. As noted above, if a sensitive deposition process isused, the protrusions 908 may only provide an accurate representation ofthe process near their central axes unless steps are taken to remedy theeffects that the spaces 910 between the protrusions 908 have on thesensitive deposition process.

[0040] In FIG. 9 at (b), the spaces 910 between the protrusions 908 arefilled in with a filler material 912 to provide a uniform planar topsurface on the study specimen 902. The filler material 912 is asacrificial layer which will be removed after the study specimen 902 issubjected to the layer deposition process, and it may be formed ofpolymers, solders, evaporated metals, or other materials. The fillermaterial 912 may itself include multiple layers. For example, the baselayer of the filler material 912 could be formed of a material whichdoes not strongly adhere to the study specimen 902, and subsequentlayers may then be chosen to facilitate the removal of the entirety ofthe sacrificial filler material 912; for example, evaporated nickelcould allow later magnetic removal of the filler material 912.Alternatively, certain polymers or alloys could be chosen forcombination as filler material 912, and for ready removal by acombination of irradiation or heating combined with suction, or byapplication of ultrasonic energy.

[0041] In FIG. 9 at (c), the study specimen 902 is subjected to a layerdeposition process, resulting in layer 914 resting atop the studyspecimen 902 and filler material 912.

[0042] In FIG. 9 at (d), the filler material 912 is destroyed and/orremoved along with corresponding portions of the deposited layer 914;for example, the removal mechanism 916 might be a suction device whichserves to pull filler material 912 having low bonding strength from thestudy specimen 902, or a magnetic device which serves to pull magneticfiller material 912 from the study specimen 902. Since the depositedlayer(s) 914 resting atop the filler material 912 are very thin andadhere to the filler material 912 to a greater extent than they adhereto surrounding portions of the deposited layer(s) 914, they will beremoved along with their underlying filler material 912.

[0043] It is understood that the various preferred embodiments are shownand described above to illustrate different possible features of theinvention and the varying ways in which these features may be combined.For example, it was described above which aspects of the first andsecond preferred versions of the invention were interchangeable, andwhich aspects of the second and third preferred versions of theinvention were interchangeable. It should therefore be apparent inaccordance with the teachings set forth herein that other aspects of thevarious versions of the invention are also interchangeable. Toillustrate, the study specimens 102 in the first version of theinvention (and as shown in FIG. 1) could be configured similarly to thestudy specimens 302 in the second version of the invention (and as shownin FIG. 3), and the specimen holder/second study object 202 of FIG. 2could be configured similarly to the second study object 602 of FIG. 6.Thus, referring to FIG. 6, the first version of the invention wouldutilize study specimens 606 received and microanalyzed within the secondstudy object 602. As another illustration, the robot 712 of FIG. 1 couldbe used in conjunction with the study specimens 208 of FIG. 2. Insimilar fashion, numerous other combinations are regarded as beingwithin the scope of the invention.

[0044] Apart from combining the different features of the aboveembodiments in varying ways, other modifications are also considered tobe within the scope of the invention. Following is an exemplary list ofsuch modifications.

[0045] First, if desired, prior to milling, etching, or otherwiseforming study specimens, recesses in study objects, etc., the operatormay apply a protective layer to the study object and/or the area of thestudy specimen, as discussed by U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,140,652, 6,188,068,6,194,720, and others.

[0046] Second, apart from the pincers-like micromanipulator 110illustrated in phantom in FIG. 1 and the electrostatic and magneticmicromanipulators previously mentioned, numerous other types ofmicromanipulators can be used in the practice of the invention. Forexample, attraction and repulsion of study specimens could also occur bygas pressure (i.e., the application of vacuum and/or pressurized gas).It is noted that while micromanipulators such as the micromanipulator110 are often actuated by piezoelectric elements, direct manipulation bypiezoelectric elements, as by inserting a piezoelectric element into anaperture in a study specimen and expanding and contracting the elementto grasp and release it, is also possible.

[0047] Third, other means of affixing the study specimens to the secondstudy object apart from electrostatic attraction, magnetic attraction,chemical and/or mechanical adhesion, friction fitting, etc. arepossible. Another example of a useful reversible form of affixment is toform a protrusion on a portion of a study specimen, and form a receivingrecess within the second study object, whereby a mechanical (and morethen merely frictional) fit between the specimen and object is achieved.For example, a study specimen may bear a protrusion having an irregularcross-section defined about an axis of rotation, and a study object mayhave a recess which may receive the protrusion in lock-and-key fashion,such that insertion of the protrusion within the recess and rotationtherein will prevent withdrawal of the protrusion along its axis ofrotation.

[0048] Fourth, while it was previously noted that the second studyobject may be marked for easier identification of study specimenssituated thereon (as with the markings shown adjacent the recesses 206in FIG. 2), it is also possible to provide such markings on a studyspecimen itself. It is noted that markings need not be alphanumericcharacters, and could instead be bar codes or other encoded/patternedmarkings, fluorescent markers, and/or any other features allowing uniqueidentification of study specimens and/or their locations on studyobjects.

[0049] Fifth, while the portions of the foregoing discussion dealingwith the definition of study regions focused on study regions havingprotrusions well-suited for atom probe analysis, it is noted that studyregions suitable for microanalysis by one or more other forms ofmicroanalyzers are also feasible. As an example, apart from raisedprotrusions, study regions might instead (or additionally) bearelongated slabs or other shapes useful for TEM analysis. Study regionshaving shaped surfaces useful for analysis by several different types ofmicroanalyzers are also possible, e.g., a protrusion-bearing slab orwedge formed for both atom probe and TEM analysis.

[0050] Sixth, while most of the foregoing examples assumed thatinorganic materials such as silicon would be used for study specimensand/or study objects, the invention may accommodate use of organicmaterials as well. Biological and organic materials may require specialprocessing to maintain structure during specimen preparation due to thelability of such materials. For example, some materials may be in afrozen hydrated state at all stages of preparation in vacuum, forexample, during FIB treatment and atom probe microanalysis.Alternatively, biological and organic materials may require chemicalfixation, dehydration, and drying by means known in the art to preparethem for scanning electron microscopy. Since organic and driedbiological materials have very low electrical conductivity, this mayrequire coating the specimen with carbon or evaporated metals prior toFIB etching to create the proper geometry for imaging.

[0051] Preferred embodiments of the invention have been described abovein order to illustrate how to make and use the invention. The inventionis not intended to be limited to these embodiments, but rather isintended to be limited only by the claims set out below. Thus, theinvention encompasses all alternate embodiments that fall literally orequivalently within the scope of these claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of preparing a specimen formicroanalysis comprising: a. forming a study specimen in a larger studyobject; b. removing the study specimen from the study object; c.situating the study specimen on a second study object; and d. formingregions on the study specimen suitable for microanalysis by an atomprobe.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of situating the studyspecimen on the second study object further comprises inserting thestudy specimen below a top surface of the second study object.
 3. Themethod of claim 2 further comprising the step of rendering a top surfaceof the study specimen at least substantially coplanar with the topsurface of the second study object.
 4. The method of claim 3 furthercomprising the step of affixing the study specimen to the second studyobject after situating the study specimen thereon.
 5. The method ofclaim 2 wherein the study specimen is inserted within a recess formedbelow the top surface of the second study object.
 6. The method of claim1 further comprising the step of rendering the study specimen at leastsubstantially coplanar to the second study object.
 7. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the second study object has multiple study specimenssituated thereon.
 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising the stepof depositing material on the study specimen and the second study objectafter situating the study specimen on the second study object.
 9. Themethod of claim 7 wherein the multiple study specimens are also recessedwithin a top surface of the second study object.
 10. The method of claim1 further comprising the step of affixing the study specimen to thesecond study object after situating the study specimen thereon.
 11. Themethod of claim 10 further comprising the step of rendering the studyspecimen at least substantially coplanar to the second study object. 12.The method of claim 1 wherein the step of situating the study specimenon a second study object further comprises the step of applying avoltage to the second study object, thereby attracting the studyspecimen to the second study object.
 13. The method of claim 1 whereinthe step of forming regions on the study specimen suitable formicroanalysis by an atom probe is performed prior to the step ofremoving the study specimen from the study object.
 14. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the step of forming regions on the study specimensuitable for microanalysis by an atom probe is performed after the stepof situating the study specimen on the second study object.
 15. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising the step of depositing material onthe study specimen and the second study object after situating the studyspecimen on the second study object.
 16. The method of claim 15 furthercomprising the steps of: a. removing the study specimen from the secondstudy object after material has been deposited thereon; and b.microanalyzing the study specimen after its removal from the secondstudy object.
 17. The method of claim 1 wherein the study object fromwhich the study specimen is formed contains an integrated circuit. 18.The method of claim 17 wherein the study specimen is defined by aportion of the study object wherein at least a part of the integratedcircuit is located.
 19. The method of claim 1 wherein the second studyobject contains an integrated circuit.
 20. The method of claim 19wherein the study specimen is situated on a portion of the second studyobject which is situated adjacent to the integrated circuit.
 21. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising the step of microanalyzing thestudy specimen with an atom probe.
 22. A method of preparing a specimenfor microanalysis comprising: a. forming a study specimen in a firststudy object; b. removing the study specimen from the first studyobject; c. situating the study specimen on a second study object; d.depositing material on the study specimen and the second study object;e. removing the study specimen from the second study object; and f.microanalyzing the study specimen.
 23. The method of claim 22 whereinthe study specimen is also recessed below a top surface of the secondstudy object.
 24. A method of preparing a specimen for microanalysiscomprising: a. forming a study specimen in a first study object; b.removing the study specimen from the first study object; c. situatingthe study specimen within a surface of a second study object; and d.microanalyzing the study specimen.